Gestalt Psychology
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Gestalt psychology traces its origins to 1912, when Max Wertheimer studied ôphenomenal movementö in the way the cinema operates (Litt, 2004). Moving pictures do not actually move, but we see movement because we impose our perception of a series of pictures as movement, and this is an example of Gestalt organization. We donÆt passively respond to the world, but we interact with it. Our environment is not just reality, but is also subject to our perceptions of it - the gestalt laws of organization, figure/ground, closure, good form, open form, etc. Wertheimer, and two other gestalt theoreticians, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka, all German professors, all moved to the United States and brought the Gestalt movement with them. Hans-Jurgen P. Walter is a German psychologist and psychotherapist who founded Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy. He worked with Wolfgang Metger, an eminent representative of Gestalt theory of the second generation in Germany. Many Gestalt psychologists before Walter from the Berlin School (Erwin Levy, Abraham S. Luchins, Erika Oppenheimer-Fromm, and other students of Karl Lewis) had elaborated theoretically and practically on how to apply Gestalt theory to psychotherapeutic problems, but it was Walter who is recognized as the first to stringently use Gestalt theoretical and practical possibilities of Gestalt theory into an encompassing Gestalt theoretical approach to psychotherapy. He showed that it was possible to use Gestalt theoretical princ
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newing, and self-directing nature of all life forms.
Alfred Adler developed the first holistic theory of personality, psychotherapy, and psychopathology intimately connected to a humanistic philosophy of living (Alfred Adler Institute, 2004). Adler believed that individuals were not internally divided, or battling within themselves, but that they presented a unified whole. Their thinking, feeling, emotions and behavior can be understood only as they are subordinated to the individualÆs lifestyle, or their consistent pattern for dealing with life. Adler believed individuals have a future-oriented striving toward a goal, and in terms of mental health, this is a realistic goal of socially useful significance or superiority over difficulties. He based his psychology on the cultural concept of Gemeinschaftsgefuhl (German), which has been translated as ôsocial interest,ö ôsocial feeling,ö, ôcommunity feeling,ö and ôsocial senseö (Stein and Edwards, 2004) It is a feeling of community, a multi-level concept, and individuals may practice it at some levels and not at others. It is a deep sense of belonging to the human race. At the cognitive level, it is the recognition of the interdependence with others, and at the behavioral le
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Approximate Word count = 2438
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page)
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