In Greek mythology, Apollo represents an aspect o
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In Greek mythology, Apollo represents an aspect of the Greek ideal and a characteristic element of Greek civilization--the perpetually vigorous and graceful young man, contrasted with his half-brother Dionysus. Dionysus is the wild and enthusiastic zealot, while Apollo is calm and orderly, balancing vigor and reason. The Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy is found expressed in literature both before the time of the Greek Golden Age and after, suggesting that there is something elementary and even primal in the pairing. Dionysus was the central figure in a major cult of the Greek world, a cult that would have a long-term influence in mythology, religion, and literature. Dionysus was a pan-Hellenic god who was widely celebrated throughout the Archaic period and honored at dramatic contests with tragedies and comedies. His was also an orgiastic cult. Dionysus is the god of ecstasy and possession and might be called the patron saint of the drama as well as of various festivals and celebrations. The cult of Dionysus was contrasted with and stood in opposition to the cult of Apollo, and in Apollo followers saw only what was sane and human and moderate. This is quite different from the freedom and license of the followers of Dionysus. Each of these major strands affected the other in some degree, and the cult of Apollo became more ecstatic and cathartic as a result of exposure to Dionysian rituals, though these changes should not be seen as mere borrowings. The Dionysian cul
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son that is personal and directed at the aggrieved individual directly.
The idea of the Apollonian temperament has become ingrained in Western society in the image of the hero and in the image of the statesman, who is also expected to show the same balance and moderation in public as in private affairs. Different political theorists have suggested the importance of both the strength of the youthful and vigorous Apollo and the mindset that is apparent in Apollo as compared to the less disciplined Dionysus. Plato and Machiavelli each offer prescriptions for conduct in the public sphere, specifically intended to shape the actions of government and of government leaders. Both have been accused of developing systems that are authoritarian. The two philosophers reach their conclusions in different ways, and they base their analyses on different conceptions of reality and of the relationship of the individual to the world. Plato develops his conception of the Forms which are the ideal in his allegory of the Cave, and inherent in it is the view that human beings should seek perfection even if they can never attain it. Machiavelli, on the other hand, sees perfection as such an elusive goal that he instead offers pragmatic advice ap
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Approximate Word count = 2435
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page)
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