related entrepot path, of which Singapore and Hong Kong
are examples (Haggard, 1990, p. 24).
Of these, the entrepot path can be ruled out as a general development strategy; it is applicable only to city-states without a significant rural sector, the opposite of the situation in most of the developing world. In any case, as suggested by Haggard, this path is closely related to the export-led strategy typified by Korea.
The growth of the emergent developed nations differs in a fundamental way from that of the original developed world; whereas the latter were going into uncharted terrain, the newly industrialized countries are following an established model:
"If industrialization first occurred in England on the basis of invention, and if it occurred in Germany and the United States on the basis of innovation, then it occurs now among 'backward' countries on the basis of learning" (Amsden, 1989, p. 4). That is, the newly industrialized countries do not need to discover the industrial and technological revolutions; instead, their need is to learn from and master previous examples. The question, then, is how best to do so.
It has been observed that "industrialization" in the narrow sense is no longer synonymous with economic development and modernity.
The core's emphasis on the service sector and on the
most productive, high-value-added segments of
manufacturing [means that] ironically, as more and
more countries in the world are becoming industrialized, industrialization itself is losing the key status it
once had as an ultimate hallmark of national development
... industrialization and development are not synonymous (Gereffi, 1994, p. 44).
However, it is doubtful that this consideration effects the broader issues. In the 21st century, the transition to development may be marked by computer networks rather than steel mills, but the themes of learning and adopting will remain ess...