Plagues of Europe
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The continuous plagues of Europe, the first of which was introduced in October 1347 in Sicily and the last of which of which is said to have been in the Seventeenth Century, left a considerable impression on the survivors of the epidemics. Whether or not the political and economic institutions of the time were similarly changed as a direct response to the effects of the plague, or whether these effects were just one factor among many in the progression from the Medieval to Renaissance, has been the locus of somewhat polar positions by historians. However, any set of conditions imposed upon a population that, on a perpetual basis for more than two hundred years, eliminates up to one-half of its members is bound to have a causative political and economic impact independent of the pre-existing conditions of the times. Changes in attitudes towards the Catholic Church, the state of knowledge, and the conditions of the labor class occurred. The plague also caused widespread demographic change, as well as being a major influence in the arts and sciences. Thus, the continuous plague epidemics can be seen to have had a direct social, cultural, economic, and political influence on the collected countries of Europe. The arrival of The Black Death in 1348 caused a more pronounced reaction from the people of Europe than any following plague outbreak. The plague progressed from Sicily, Genoa, and Venice in Italy to France and Spain by June of 1348, where it then progressed to lower
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nd towns. Often, no priests were available or willing to perform last rites or attend to a plague victim; both medicine and religion offered no help to the ailing populace. Yet another source of dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church came later in certain countries such as Germany, where the plague had severely thinned its ranks relative to other European countries. There began a ômass ordination of young and often ill-educated and untrained young clericsàBy 1350, the Church in Germany had been reduced to a condition where any energetic movement of reform was certain to find many allies and weakened opposition.ö
The epidemic took with it many members of the learned class in Europe, which affected both the quantity and quality of the ChurchÆs clergymen as well as the scholars and instructors of the universities, colleges, and other institutions of learning in Europe. Many such institutions had to be closed directly because of the effects of the plague. Universities in Grenoble, Vercelli, Reggio, and Naples in Italy, for example, were all closed; the number of operating universities in Europe decreased overall from the 1340s to the 1350s. However, the number of universities founded in the second half of this century incre
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Approximate Word count = 2269
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page)
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