COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY Phenomenology Co

Cognitive therapy views the personality as based on cognitive structures and shaped by central values or core beliefs, called schemas, that develop early in life as a result of environmental factors, and are unique to each individual. Schemata are defined as mental structures that help organize past experiences; they range from concrete to abstract and operate interactively with one another. Data is accumulated, coded, categorized, and evaluated by schemas. Cognitions are defined as those processes that encompass the organization of sensory input, and the initiation of behavior (Freeman & Dattilio, 1992; Freeman, Simon, Beutler & Arkowitz, 1989; Hoffmann, 1984).

Schemas, or complex patterns of thoughts determine how experiences are perceived and conceptualized, and are employed in the absence of data; therefore, schemas tend to reinforce preconceived ideas. Psychological problems are viewed as stemming from faulty learning, incorrect inferences based on inadequate or incorrect information, and the lack of adequate distinction between imagination and reality. Fallacious thinking, or cognitive distortions, contribute to the feedback loops that support psychological disorders (Freeman & Dattilio, 1992; Freeman, Simon, Beutler

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tributions to psychological dysfunction, it strives to adapt a new way to process the environment, or to develop new schemas. New experiences are created to help build more functional schemas (Kendall & Panichelli-Mindel, 1995). Etiology of Health & Abnormality Models of health and abnormality can be identified through present cognitive structuring. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on how people respond to their cognitive interpretations of experiences rather than to the environment or the experience itself, and how thoughts and behaviors are related. Beliefs can be found in the client, which result in healthy or dysfunctional behavior. Psychological health is viewed as determined by interpersonal effectiveness, or the ability to achieve intended effects through behavior and the ability to participate in genuine and humane relationships with others. Four attitudes or cognitions that are viewed as related to health are: the believe that one can trust others and rely on their help; trust in one's own behavior and the possibility of effecting changes in the environment; the belief that one's own life is meaningful; and the belief that one possesses a coherent and integrated personal identity (Hoffmann, 1984; Kendall & Pa
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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