The Han Dynasty
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The Han Dynasty extended from 221 B.C. to 221 A.D. This marked the beginning of the Confucian state, which would extend to about 1600 A.D. The Han period saw the beginnings and evolution of a governmental system, an economic structure, and a variety of intellectual developments. This was also the era when the civil service system was developed, along with the civil service examination by which the imperial Confucian state to recruit candidates to serve in government. Once the Han Dynasty collapsed, unity would be reestablished by the Sui and Tang dynasties. In addition, this period would be marked by the development of relations between the Chinese and various non-Chinese people in East Asia. The Han empire was contemporary with the Roman Empire, but it was much larger and was indeed the superior civilization in the world. The Han dynasty began its administration of China by creating 14 commanderies to govern the western half of China while at the same time allowing 10 aristocratic kingdoms to control the more populous eastern half. The Han emperors placed their sons in charge of these kingdoms and over time reduced their territories and the size of their courts. By 108 B.C. there were 84 commanderies and 18 kingdoms, smaller and more easily controlled. Meanwhile, the Han emperors conferred hundreds of marquisates, consisting of certain taxes from the land and the populace of a designated area, on relatives and men of merit who would (it was hoped) collect th
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died in the New Text school include elements of Chinese cosmology and the traditions of the yang and the yin and the Five Elements. These have been important in Chinese philosophy ever since and have spawned other schools of thought related to the concepts as delineated in the New Text school.
The concepts of Yin and Yang are used to refer to the two complementary creative forces in nature. Yin is female and is thought to be passive, negative, dark, cold, soft, and wet; yang is male and is thought to be active, positive, light, hot, hard, and dry. The terms "positive" and "negative" in this instance do not have the meaning of good or bad or desirable and undesirable; instead, they are used in the same general sense that physicists use the terms to refer to the positive or negative electrical charges of particles. Yin and yang together symbolize the eternal and profound duality in nature. They are opposites, but they counterbalance and complement each other.
From the fifth through the third centuries B.C., there were a number of different philosophical schools in China, and the philosophy of the period is referred to as that of the "hundred schools." Various historians tried to make a classification of the "hundred sch
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 2078
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)
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