s, and intervention skills. They need a sincere interest in the welfare of others, an understanding of one's personal power, and the ability to be present for others (Hackney & Cormier, 1994, pp. 1-7).
Humanitarian treatment has roots in the late eighteenth century; human services disciplines originated within the twentieth century. The history of professional counseling consists of pioneers that were primarily social reformers. The Guidance Movement was the forerunner of modern counseling. It was first practiced in schools and other community settings (settlement houses, social welfare organizations, youth clubs). As the movement became more established, it moved away from origins of social reform and began to represent an enlightened approach to education that centered around individual differences in students; this impacted fields of vocational and special education. During the 30s and 40s, mental testing and differential psychology influenced the Guidance Movement. By the 1950s, the movement trans
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