TYPE II DIABETES Abstract This research paper

Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continued medical care and education. Nutrition and education, pharmacological approaches, and self-management with education are important care factors. Psychological aspects such as the patient's perspective, treatment preferences, and readiness to change are also considered. Community and social contexts such as work, family, neighborhood, general community support, and encouragement of behaviors for a diabetes regimen are important. Policies that ensure effective diabetes education interventions, materials, and supplies at available costs are needed. Patients with NIDDM need access to adequate on-going care wit

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Costs Medical expenses for the treatment of acute glycemic and chronic complications of diabetes includes hospitalization for medical conditions and in-patient expenditures. A 1991 survey showed 371,814 hospitalizations of middle-aged diabetes patients and 712,725 hospitalizations of elderly diabetic persons with medical conditions. In-patient expenditures for the treatment of diabetes associated medical conditions was estimated at +4.12 billion, which was almost twice that incurred for treatment of chronic diabetes complications (Ray, Thamer, Taylor, Fehrenbach, & Ratner, 1996, pp. 3671-3679). In 1992 it was estimated that percapita annual health care expenditures were more than three times greater for diabetics ($9,493) than nondiabetics ($2,604). Percapita expenses for confirmed diabetics ($11,157) were more than four times greater than for nondiabetics. Diabetics constituted 4.5 percent of the U.S. population in 1992 and accounted for 14.6 percent of the total U.S. health care expenditures ($85 billion) (Rubin, Altman, & Mendelson, 1994, pp. 809A-809F). Treatment & Care Diabetes is a chronic illness requiring continuing medical care and education. A treatment team includes physicians, nurses, dietitians, and ment
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