SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE

The Objective End of the Management-Theory Pendulum

The history of management theory, like that of fashion, has shown a pendulum effect. As hemlines have tended to move up and down over the years, management theory has swung between objective and formalized approaches, in which work or business processes are analysed and broken down into their structural and sequential components, and more subjective and psychological approaches that have concentrated on workplace relationships (Waas Consulting Group, n.d., p. 1). The following discussion will concentrate on two successive phases of the more objective approach, associated with Frederick Taylor's theory of Scientific Management and Peter Drucker's Management by Objective.

Until the late 19th century, management theories as such did not exist. Most workplaces were small, and organized and managed informally, with "top management" in direct contact with line workers. Only armies and a few other specialized organizations operated on a large scale requiring delegation of manage

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