The Body and Its Sytems
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The body consists of a number of different systems which work together and function as a whole. These include the integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, sensory, endocrine, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, and circulatory systems (Applegate, 2000). The integumentary system includes the skin and the glands, hair, nails and other structures derived from it (77). These structures protect the body and help it maintain homeostasis by controlling the bodyÆs internal temperature and protecting it from fluid loss. The skin is several layers thick: in most areas of the body, the outer region known as the epidermis is composed of dead keratinized cells which slough off to be replaced by cells from deeper layers. Below this is a layer of dense connective tissue, which gives the skin structure, which is known as the dermis (79). The skeletal system is the bodyÆs framework, and is divided into three major sections: the axial skeleton, which consists of the skull, ribs and spine; the pectoral girdle, which includes the scapulae and arm bones; and the pelvic girdle, which includes the ilia, and bones of the legs and feet (Applegate, 2000, 96-97; Skeletal, 1996). The axial skeleton contains 80 bones, and the appendicular skeleton 126. Bone growth persists throughout adulthood, but once adult stature is attained, it occurs only for repair and remodeling needed for life changes. The muscular system is responsible for movement of the body, requiring the i
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tem of the body consists of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and the skin receptors for touch, pain, pressure, temperature and proprioception (Applegate, 2000, 184-199). The eyes and ears provide the body with vision and hearing and let it know what is happening in the outside world. The taste buds in the mouth and olfactory bulbs in the nose respond to taste and smell respectively. Skin receptors respond to touch, pain, temperature etc.
The endocrine system consists of the glands of the body which produce hormones: the pancreas -insulin and digestive enzymes; the adrenal gland - mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens, epinephrine and norepinephrine; parathyroid gland -parathyroid hormone; thyroid gland - thyroxine and triiodothyronine; posterior pituitary - antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin; anterior pituitary - growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone; and the hypothalamus - releasing and inhibiting factors. These hormones regulate the many processes taking place in the body.
The circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, blood and lymphatic systems which nourish the tissues and deliver nutrients to the
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Approximate Word count = 1264
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)
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