RESEARCH TRADITIONS Introduction The field of

Phenomenology is the unbiased description of immediate experience just as it occurs. The experience is not abstracted or analyzed into elements, it is uncorrected observation. It involves the experience of common sense instead of that reported by the trained introspector with a systematic orientation. Phenomenological theories focus on the individual's perception of himself and of life events which provides the framework for understanding personality development. This orientation views the individual as the source of all acts, believes that behavior is the observable expression of the internal world, suggests that science must begin with the study of peoples' experiences, and believes that individuals are free to make choices in each situation. The key to understanding the individual's reaction to the environment is the personal interpretation of events (Greene & Ephross, 1991, p. 111; & Schultz & Schultz, 1992, p. 377).

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iscontinuing a solution process employed the whole time (Groner, Groner, & Bischof, 1983, pp. 90-91). Heuristics means serving a discovery, solving a problem is a heuristic process since it contains discovery, and investigation into heuristic processes cannot aim solely at finding rules of how to make discoveries; it needs to be directed at comprehension of human problem-solving behavior with all rules pertaining to this behavior called heuristic principles. These principles can be classified as those of which the subject is or is not aware of, those received from other people or worked out by oneself, and those applied with another's help only or without assistance. Formal heuristic principles are reproduced in computer programs and informal heuristic principles are not. Informal principles include desires to be understanding or solving a problem, curiosity, self-setting, persistence, appreciating small successes, patience, will-power, abilities to concentrate all one's self on the idea when it emerges, experiencing changing emotions during the struggle for solution, and control of persistence. Formal principles may be based on an informal principle; when a given problem cannot be solved, first try to solve a similar one ba
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