IRISH QUESTION AND HOME RULE
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This research paper examines the nature and origin of the Irish question, the political antagonism between England and Ireland, and the reasons why the movement for home rule for Ireland failed. By the second half of the 19th century an accumulation of deep grievances had impeded progress toward a more normal or healthy relationship between England and Ireland which dated back many centuries and had deep historical roots. Despite some reforms, the Union of England and Ireland in 1800 had been opposed by significant elements of the Irish middle and upper classes which became focused upon a demand for home rule, self-government within an imperial framework. In the middle 1880s home rule was supported by Prime Minister William Gladstone's Liberal Party and government. It failed to pass Parliament in 1886 and 1894 and was never implemented after it was passed in 1914. It failed to pass in the late 19th century because of a lack of English domestic political support. It never went into effect in the 20th century, primarily because of Protestant opposition and growing republican sentiment in Catholic Ireland. First invaded by the Norman forces of King Henry II in 1169, Ireland, says Woodham-Smith, "had been neither assimilated nor subdued" (15). According to Manchester, "for nearly eight centuries, they [the Irish] had been governed like serfs by English viceroys entrenched in Dublin Castle" (452). Largely left alone
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om Ireland only by force, was founded in Dublin in 1858.
Failure of Home Rule
Until about 1875, the home rule movement made little progress. Butt had succeeded in uniting most Irish nationalists, except the Fenians, under the rubric of the Home Government Association and later the Home Rule League, which at first was largely a upper and middle class movement involving protestants as well as catholics. The first Home Rule bill introduced in Parliament in 1874 was defeated by a lopsided vote of 458 to 66. Gladstone himself was a gradual convert to home rule concentrating during his first government (1868-1875) on disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Ireland and on rather tepid land reforms which Beckett says "failed to convince the majority of Irishmen that their interests could safely be entrusted to a British parliament" (375). According to Morton, "the lack of consistency and cohesion among the Home Rule parliamentary group was compounded by Butt's indecisiveness as a leader" (16).
During the mid and late 1870s, a dynamic new Irish leader, Charles Parnell (1846-1891), emphasized Ireland's separate distinctiveness. He forged links with the home rulers, the Irish communities in America and England and with the Fenians.
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Home Rule, England Ireland, Liberal Party, Isaac Butt, Irish English, Nationalists Liberals, Liberal MPs, Irish Nationalists, Lord Randolph's, Isles Woodham-Smith, home rule, irish question, irish nationalists, prime minister, house commons, irish parliament, rule bill, house lords, england ireland, home rule bill, rule bill introduced, late 19th, home rule movement, south partition north,
Approximate Word count = 1804
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page)
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