Human Genome Programs

The initial steps were the physical mapping, which generated sets of overlapping DNA fragments that span regions of chromosomes or whole chromosomes (Collins and Fink, 1995). The next step was producing a DNA sequence map, which determines the order of the three billion nucleotides that make up the human genome. The NIH, which created the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in 1989, and the DOE, along with many universities and other research facilities, both in the United States, and from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and China, have worked together to complete the HGP.

Because of the enormity of the importance of the outcome of the HGP, quality control is a key facto

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raw sequence data would be exchanged among sequencing centers who would reassemble the data and identify discrepancies or ambiguities; all sequence reads would be archived in a retrievable form; and sequencing centers would define explicitly how they calculate error rates and costs. It was agreed that sequence annotation should be standardized and include: error estimation; enzymes used; details on how to assemble adjacent clones; gaps sized and the surrounding sequence oriented and ordered; methods used for sizing and reasons for not closing gaps disclosed; coding sequence and splice sites noted as identified experimentally or by computer; and for unfinished sequences, it should be stated how close they are to completion. In 2000, NHGRI reported that this policy needed to be updated (NHGRI, 2000). While keeping intact the original policy, the NHGRI extended the policy to call for updating of this information if significant changes are noted when finishing reads are produced from working drafts. NHGRI also called for the immediate release of individual sequence reads and read pairs developed by researchers amassing such sequences for whole genome shotgun data because they may be useful to other researchers. Sequence trace
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 1610
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)

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