Rome

Rome began as a village on the Tiber river. For a long time it was a political tributary of the Etruscan kingdom, but achieved independence from them in roughly 600 B.C. In about 400 B.C. it was captured and sacked by an invading Gaulish army. This seems to have galvanized and aggravated the militaristic streak in the Romans. They apparently vowed never to allow the city to be captured again, and to take vengeance on the Gauls as soon as possible. Their political philosophy was that aggression was the best defense, and they began to expand their power over the Italian peninsula rapidly.

This expansion brought them into conflict with both the Greeks and the Carthaginians, who both had colonies in Italy and Sicily. Leaving the Greeks for later, the Romans focused on the Carthaginians, who were their rivals for control of the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans launched a series of wars known as the Punic Wars, Carthage having begun as a Phoenician colony. During the second of these, Rome was almost captured by the invading army of the brilliant Carthaginian general Hannibal, and were saved only by a scorched-earth defense policy and the brilliance of their own general, Cornelius Scipio, who cut HannibalÆs supply lines through Spain and France.

Rome was again traumatized by this near-captur

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Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page)

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