Process--Energy
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Process--Energy has always been an important ingredient in the development of civilization. Large amounts of energy are necessary for sustaining industrial nations and bringing forward Third World countries. An adult human requires approximately 2500 food calories or about 100 watts of power, to sustain life (3:1). In the United States, the per capita consumption of all forms of energy is approximately 100 times this basic sustenance rate. For the entire world population, energy consumption is about 15 times the basis rate (3:1). A number of questions continue to arise. Is enough energy available? How long will the energy supply last? When will new sources be required? What world events will disrupt the flow of raw energy material, and what countries will suffer? Clearly, an inexhaustible supply of energy is required. This inexhaustible supply of energy may be derived from the nucleus of the atom. The mass of a nucleon (a neutron or a proton) is slightly different within the nuclei of the various elements. The nucleus of the carbon-12 atom has a mass of precisely 12 atomic mass units (AMU). Other nuclei are compared against this carbon model. Free neutrons and free protons have greater mass than any neutrons and protons bound within a nucleus. Thus, when atoms and chemical elements are formed, mass disappears, becoming lost in binding energy according to the familiar equation, E=mc2. Thus, nucleons in middle atomic weight elements such as iron, nickel, and kry
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rely upon splitting atoms apart. It works by fusing them together. What comes out of this process is nothing resembling nuclear waste which is loaded with radioactivity. Instead the output products are helium gas and vast amounts of neutron particles. These neutron streams will irradiate the components of the fusion reactors. This type of radioactivity is considered to be much less dangerous and more easily handled than the form of waste derived from fission plants (4:15). Because of this, the power plant designer will be able to select materials that will be less susceptible to neutron particle irradiation and thus control the problem from the outset of the plant design process.
Applications--It was postulated as early as 1929, that energy production in most stars is due to nuclear reactions involving the light elements. By 1939, the nuclear fusion cycle for energy production in the sun had been analyzed in detail (3:5). Thus, by the beginning of World War II, fusion of light elements was recognized as a very fundamental, yet very large source of energy. Prior to 1950, however, there was very little effort devoted to developing fusion as a useful energy source. After 1950, organized research efforts to achieve controll
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Approximate Word count = 1919
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)
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