Handbook for William
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The early medieval French court was embroiled in intrigues of all sorts when Charles the Bald accepted BernhardÆs son William as hostage to prove loyalty. BernhardÆs wife Dhuoda was imprisoned during this time but was determined to write a manual for her son William. Few women could read or write during this era, but in her Handbook for William, Dhuoda (1999) attempts to provide William (and his younger brother) with a manual for right conduct and living, ôàin anticipation of the day when I shall no longer be with you, you have here as a memento of me this little book of moral counselsö (69). Throughout the book there are three aspects of DhuodaÆs life that are the main ones illustrated through her writings to William: her noble Christianity, her devotion as a mother, and her views as a wife.Being older and wiser than her son and perhaps even her husband, one of DhuodaÆs main themes in this book for William is her admonition and appeals to him to follow the way of Christ. Knowing full well the follies of her husband, the corrupt nature of many priests, and the intrigues of politics, she advises William to remain a strong, true believer in God and faith, ôNever once let yourself fall into the folly, the outrageous affront of breaking faith. Never let such an idea of disloyalty against your lord arise or grow in your heartö (Dhuoda 1999, 95). The religious conviction expressed by Dhuoda throughout the manual is absolute. She admits
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Approximate Word count = 1111
Approximate Pages = 4 (250 words per page)
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