Civil Rights & Integration

The period leading up to the passage of the Civil Rights Act and passage of legislation like Brown v. Board of Education, represents one of the most turbulent eras in American history. African American activists from Malcolm X to Martin Luther King, Jr. helped pave the way for greater equality for Blacks in U.S. society. A number of African American protests and organizations, like the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Sit-ins, the NAACP and the Black Panther Party were involved in the struggle were greater equality and integration of the races in U.S. society. Like the conflict between Whites and Blacks during this era, there was also conflict within the African American community movements of the period.

As Lamb (p. 82) maintains, there were ôcovertö and ôovertö tensions between Blacks and Whites as well as b

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ould never have been closed. Its enactment will hasten the end to practices which have no place in a free and united nation.ö Many individuals on both a large and small scale helped bring about the passage of the Civil Rights Act when President Johnson took office. Individuals like Rosa Parks, who refused to give up her seat at the front of the bus to a white person, Jackie Robinson, whose breaking of the color line in baseball paved the way for integration of sports as well as the nation, and Ruby Bridges, who walked up the stairs of a formerly segregated all-white school in the company of federal marshals to a slue of racial epithets raised public awareness and support for integration and Civil Rights. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Earl Warren helped integrate public schools by declaring the ôseparate but equalö philosophy had no place in education or society with respect to the rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. On the Warren Court was Justice Thurgood Marshall, a liberal and the first African American to sit on the Supreme Court of the U.S. The Warren Court was known for protecting individual rights and liberties, but the arguments of Marshall against the separate but equal doctrine achieved their greatest i
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Approximate Word count = 1279
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)

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