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According to Magill, a majority of scholars see Shakespeare's "The Tempest" as Shakespeare's "farewell to the stage," one that encompasses his farewell as well as the playwright's views on life (Tempest 1). Indeed, as one scholar maintains, "Prospero's speech beginning æOur revels now are endedà' seems to sum up both the play's action and the playwright's estimate of human life" (Tempest 1). This analysis will examine "The Tempest" as Shakespeare's farewell to the stage, including evidence from the text as well as literary criticism that shows while the play is not the playwright's final work it is strewn with references to "retirement." In Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, Harold Bloom (695) maintains that Shakespeare's retirement was "staggered" and "uneasy," and that the playwright wrote nothing during the final three years of his life, "the rest was silence." We see in "The Tempest" that the concept of silence is a pervasive one, including Prospero's "silencing" of both Ariel and Caliban. Shakespeare, the master of literacy and language, posits these characteristics in the character of Prospero. Through his books, language, and imposition of this learning and language on others, Prospero often silences others. In the play, Prospero warns Ariel that if he "murmur'st" another word of discontent, Prospero will "rend an oak / And peg in his knotty entrails, till / Thou has howl'd away twelve winters" (Shakespeare I.ii). As Hansberger (137) not
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, Issue 3 Database: Academic Search Premier
SHAKESPEARE'S THE TEMPEST
Contents
WORKS CITED
In The Tempest, Prospero brings with him to the island of Sycorax an imposed standard of literacy; if Caliban is to survive, he must adopt and measure up to that standard. Janet Eldred and Peter Mortenson have argued that reading for the ways in which literacy shapes and is shaped by characters in literary texts can reveal much about the larger social function of literacy (512-13). Eldred and Mortenson are especially interested in what they term literacy narratives, or literary texts, that "foreground issues of language acquisition and literacy" in character development (513). If we read against Prospero's assimilation of Caliban through literacy, the play can be understood as Caliban's only partially written and perhaps wholly misunderstood story, his literacy narrative, in effect. Read as Caliban's literacy narrative, The Tempest records Caliban's struggle to reinstate his own standard of literacy on the island.
Largely a question of definition at first, Prospero's literacy quickly teaches Caliban his place in this new social order. Much to Caliban's dismay, he understands completely how Prospero would define Caliban'
Category: Literature - T
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Sebastian Antonio, Alonso Naples, Copyright PUBLICATION, Miranda Prospero, Providing Miranda, Search Premier, Sicily DION, Sebastian Miranda, Harold Bloom, OED Allowed, , , shakespeare's farewell, prospero's language, shakespeare's tempest, magill book, magill book reviews, book reviews, copyright holder's express, content copied, copied emailed, express written permission, listserv copyright, posted listserv, holder's express written,
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