The Impact of 9/11 on Arab Students
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One of the effects of the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 was the development of deep concern among many Arab students in American colleges and universities that their presence in the U.S. was unwelcome. Since September 11th, Arab students have begun to perceive themselves as victims of bias, discrimination, racial profiling, and social ill effects (Lane, 2002). The federal government has begun to require new processes for obtaining student and other visas if a potential visitor is from an Arab or Islamic country (Markelein, 2003). The research topic to be explored in this study focuses upon the ways in which 9/11 has affected Arab students in the United States. The first specific research question is: what, if any changes in social acceptance do Arab students living in the United States believe have occurred since 9/11? The second research question is: How do non-Muslim or non-Arab American students perceive Islam and Muslims? Theoretically, the contact hypothesis described by Baron and Byrne (2000) asserts that increased contact between members of various social groups can be effective in reducing prejudice and/or tensions between those groups. However, Baron and Byrne (2000) also note that the contact hypothesis appears to be valid only when contact between the groups takes place under certain favorable conditions. The events of September 11th, the independent variable in the present s
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ff (2003) contends that the hasty return of many Saudi students back to Saudi Arabia skewed the story and that statistics compiled by the Institute of International Education (IIE) depict a much more comprehensive and nuanced view of the situation.
Marklein (2003) discussed the IIE study which indicated that foreign student enrollment in the United States in 2002-2003 increased over the previous year but after five years of steady increases averaging some 4.9 percent, the number grew by less than 1 percent for the 2002-2003 school year. Several countries (India, Kenya, and South Korea) actually saw strong increases; however, Marklein (20003) noted that the IIE found significant declines in student enrollment from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. These findings reflect in part concerns about safety and visa processing; other explanations for the decline include economic fluctuations and increased competition among the worldÆs universities for foreign students.
Impacting upon the official status of Arab students in the United States are changes in the immigration and visa laws. Such changes, enacted after 9/11 to improve the capacity of the U.S. government and its various law enforcement agencies to screen
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Approximate Word count = 4327
Approximate Pages = 17 (250 words per page)
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