Terror Management Theory
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Terror Management Theory (TMT) suggests that many aspects of human behavior are centered on raising self-esteem and a universal drive to defeat death by living up to the standards set by society (Pyszczynski, Greenberg and Solomon, 1999). These psychological structures give a person protection from the potential for anxiety brought about by their awareness of the inevitability of death. Worldwide research has provided support for this theory. Research on these theories is based on the hypothesis that since self-esteem can protect a person from anxiety, then building up a personĘs self-esteem should reduce their anxiety level. Self-esteem has been shown in studies to covary inversely with anxiety, and also that threats to self-esteem lead to a state of anxiety. Studies have shown that subjects who raise their level of self-esteem report less anxiety in response to viewing graphic depictions of death. Depressed patients with low self-esteem have been shown to respond strenuously to being reminded of their mortality. People have been found to use a variety of techniques to deny their mortality (Pyszczynski, Greenberg and Solomon, 1999). Dual-Process theory proposes that people defend against conscious thoughts of death using proximal defenses to remove these thoughts either by suppressing them with distractions, or pushing them off for the future. Unconscious thoughts of death are controlled by distal defenses using symbolic self-concepts and culture-based reality.
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after the playing stopped.
Overall, patients indicated satisfaction with the harp playing on a questionnaire.
There was a slight decrease in heart rate over time, but it was not significant. All blood pressure values decreased slightly over time, but only systolic pressure declined significantly. Respiratory rate and oxygen levels also decreased slightly over time.
The study found that listening to live harp playing had a positive effect on the patients perception of pain, anxiety and satisfaction. positive effect on the patientsĘ perception of anxiety, pain, and satisfaction. A sustained physiological effect was also noted. Some patients fell asleep during the harp playing, which would have been a beneficial effect since they were sleep-deprived.
The study supports the use of music therapy for reducing anxiety in patients in postoperative care and provides an inexpensive beneficial intervention.
Bauer, J. (2002)
This is a report of a study which used music therapy as a means to reduce anxiety in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation therapy.
Sample:
20 ventilator-dependent ICU patients, of whom 15 were men and 5 were women, with an average age of 58 years.
20 ventilator-dependent patients in ICU were randomiz
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Sample Vascular, Greenberg Solomon, Lesk Pearcy, Model Research, Farris Byers, Anxiety Inventory, Vernale-Hannon Foster, Chinese Western, music therapy, Theory TMT, Health Living, harp playing, research utilization, blood pressure, respiratory rate, patient care, heart rate, 30 minutes, anxiety level, playing stopped, farris byers 2002, pyszczynski greenberg solomon, greenberg solomon 1999, study music therapy, live harp playing,
Approximate Word count = 2224
Approximate Pages = 9 (250 words per page)
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