Data Collection
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The major types of problem assumptions involved in the design of survey instruments are (a) unwarranted assumptions, (b) misleading assumptions, and (c) unsupported assumptions. A warranted assumption is one that is either (a) known to be true or (b) reasonable to accept without requiring another argument to support it. An assumption is unwarranted if it fails to satisfy either of these criteria. Misleading assumptions are those assumptions that imply something that is unstated. One example of a misleading assumption in a survey instrument is a question that provides only two possible responses. The implication is that only those two responses differentiate outcomes related to the survey instrument statement. In many instances, however, there may be other valid options to differentiate outcomes. Providing only two options in such cases is misleading. An unsupported assumption is one in which survey instrument questions and/or responses assume that specific conditions exists when there are no validated underlying facts to support such assumptions. Even the selection of respondents for a survey sample may be biased by an unsupported assumption that certain groups of people possess the necessary knowledge or experience to answer a question when there is no evidence to support such an assumption.The term ôresponse errorö refers to a situation wherein the reported data differ from the actual data. The sources of response error are data collection and post-
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interviews. Improved response rate in personal interviews are highly dependent on the so-called comfort level of respondents. Some respondent groups (recreational drug users, as an example) tend to be quite uncomfortable with highly formalized interview environments, because they are likely to perceive such environments as confrontational in character. For such respondent groups, response rate may be increased by creating a more relaxed, less intimidating, non judgmental interview environment. Conversely, other respondent groups tend to be wary of relaxed interview environments because they suspect that interviewers may be attempting to lull them into providing information that they prefer not to divulge. In such cases, response rate may be improved through formal interview environments that ask specific questions in a businesslike manner, wherein no general, unstructured interactions occur.
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A principal role of ethics in the conduct of research is to assure that truth is the ultimate objective, as opposed skewing to conduct of an investigation toward a directed finding. An equally important role played by ethics in scientific inquiry is the preservation of the privacy and the integrity of human subjects involved
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Approximate Word count = 1310
Approximate Pages = 5 (250 words per page)
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