he above goals could only be achieved by a "new kind of industrial leader" he called a management "scientist" (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 15).
Taylor broke each job into is component tasks or work units, known as "job fractionation," and investigated the most efficient method of doing that task (Montana & Charnov, 2008, p. 16). Taylor used time and motion studies and developed the "piece rate" system of work where workers were paid based on how much they produced (Montana & Charnov, 2008). When implemented, Taylor's innovative principles led to increased productivity and cost reductions from increased efficiency. Taylor's work was closely aligned to the mass production system of manufacturing initiated by Henry Ford. The following principles of scientific management dominated manufacturing organizations through most of the twentieth century:
. Labor is defined and authority is legitimized.
. Positions placed in hierarchy and under authority of a higher level.
. Selection is based on technical competence, training, or experience.
. Actions and decisions are recorded to allow continuity and memory.
. Management is different from ownership.
. Managers follow rules/procedures to enable reliable/predictable behavior.
Taylor's work on time and motion was furthered by Frank
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