3 Articles on Animal Testing

Article 1. Berger and Gese (2007) examined whether spatial segregation limits the local distribution of coyotes by evaluating home-range overlap between resident coyotes and wolves. They also examined dispersal rates of captured transient coyotes in both wolf-free and wolf-abundant areas and analyzed data on the population densities of both species in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) as well as gathering data on mortality and survival rates of coyotes in wolf-free and wolf-abundant sites at Grand Teton National Park (GTNP).

The main hypothesis tested by the researchers was that interference competition with wolves (canis lupus) limits the distribution and abundance of coyotes (canis latrans) and further that the extirpation of wolves is invoked as an explanation for the expansion of coyote ranges in North America. Based on this hypothesis, Berger and Gese (2007) predicted that coyotes would be the numerically predominant predator across the GYE while being substantially lower at wolf-abundant sites in GTNP.

The experimental method used included home range analysis and spatial segregation analysis, coyote captures in wolf-abundant and wolf-free sites, and the tracking of specific animals to identify survival rates and cause-specific mortality among coyotes and wolves. The data were collected from August 2001 to August 2004 from the two research sites to determine whether mortality due to wolves is sufficient to explain reduction in coyote densities. They e

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more often be considered as a potential forest shaping animal communities. The predictions based on this hypothesis included the assertion that reproductive interference may have effects that are similar to competition and might also drive the evolution of signals or promote habitat, spatial, or temporal segregation. Two experiments were conducted by Hochkirch, et al (2007). The first was a laboratory-based experiment in which the groundhoppers were reared in plastic enclosures until their identification was possible. Data analysis in this experiment was based on ANOVA with p equal to 0.16. They examined the effect of species co-occurrence on mating frequencies via a substitutive behavioral experiment with five treatments, calculating the relative frequencies of behavior types for each test using pairwise t-tests and three-way ANOVAS. In the second field experiment, the reproductive success of both species was examined via ANCOVA with p < 0.001. Results revealed when both experiments were compared that there was a significantly reduced reproductive success in the presence of heterospecifics via ANCOVA with p = 0.021. Degrees of freedom in these tests ranged from 69.50 to a low of 3.81 depending upon the specific tes

Category: Science - 3