Ming and Qing Dynasties
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The Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for a combined seven centuries from the 14th through the 20th centuries. The Ming Dynasty, controlled by ethnic Han from 1368 to 1644, was replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty that ruled from 1644 to 1912. Both of these Chinese Dynasties ultimately fell because of weaknesses, but during these centuries they both endured major events that not only shaped each dynasty but also all of China. The Ming Dynasty's ability to sustain order through government and the Qing Dynasty's development of the economy, infrastructure, and culture would characterize each dynasty but also help lay the basis for modern China. While each of these dynasties experienced such events, they were distinctly different in nature. As Ebray (267) writes, "Although the Ming was overthrown by peasant rebellions of the usual sort, the next dynasty was founded not by a warlord or rebel leader but by the chieftains of the Manchus, a non-Chinese people." Each dynasty faced different challenges, from conflict between nomads and peasants to social pressures from increasing population, that its efforts to resolve resulted in a significant impact on China and its people. This analysis will highlight some of the major events of the Ming and Qing Dynasties that not only shaped them but also affected all of China. The Ming Dynasty would eventually collapse due to the threat of Mongol invaders and Japanese pirates. The Manchus would take advantage of the
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racted closely with a number of Chinese scholars. Throughout the Ming Dynasty there would be clashes between Chinese practices and Christian doctrine that ultimately led to the expulsion of missionaries from China. Ancestor worship, a practice common in China, was one of the biggest sources of contention. Ancestor worship served a number of purposes. As Ebrey (25) explains, "Both animals and human beings were sacrificed to royal ancestors and to various nature gods. The principles underlying sacrifice, in China and elsewhere, are reciprocity and feeling." Such practices were abhorrent to Christians. Conflict over religious differences and encroachment by missionaries would characterize China for centuries after the Ming Dynasty.
Three of the most significant events to occur during the Qing Dynasty were the closed-door policy enacted in the eighteenth century to stop the spread of Christianity, the Opium Wars, and the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions in the nineteenth century (Ebrey 268). Since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Christian missionaries had tried to spread Christianity. Christianity was ultimately banned by the Emperor and Christians were executed if they violated the ban. The closed-door policy that
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Approximate Word count = 1413
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)
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