In early 19th-century New York, transportation was problematic. Even then, New York was already a hub of trade, and that trade was hampered by inefficient modes of transportation. Both rural farmers and urban tradesmen suffered from the lack of efficient transportation. Farmers struggled to get their wares to the city where they could be sold, and tradesmen were impacted by an inability to bring in and distribute goods quickly enough. Farmers had to transport their goods by cart over primitive dirt roads that were "very rough and in poor condition," so they "drove slowly over them in carts and wagons pulled by horses, oxen, an mules" ("19th Century Transportation: The Erie Canal"). Although New York was blessed with rapid rivers that could move goods more quickly, steam-powered engines were not being widely used, and most of the rivers did not lead to the destinations that farmers needed to transport their goods to ("19th Century Transportation: The Erie Canal"). This meant that the primary means of transportation in New York was by horse, and there were multiple problems associated with horse travel and transport.
One of the most compelling issues related to the horse was pollution. The pollution resulting from horses "defecating and urinating in the streets" was only a part of the problem; dead horses also presented a problem, blocking the transport route for others, and the noise pollution of horseshoes clopping on the hard dirt or cobblestone streets was a serious problem (Tarr & McShane). According to Tarr and McShane, "The normal city horse produced between fifteen and thirty-five pounds of manure a day and about a quart of urine, usually distributed along the course of its route or deposited in the stable," and although cities tried to keep their streets clean, "the manure was everywhere, along the roadway, heaped in piles or next to stables, or ground up by the traffic and blown about by the wind." An...