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Anabolic steroids can be taken either orally or by injection. After passing through the intestinal tract, they are absorbed by the intestines. They then travel from the bloodstream, through cell walls, and into the cytoplasm of the cell. In muscle cells, the steroids may stimulate the production of muscle protein and may block the negative "pain" effects of overworked muscles. In certain cases the steroids may stimulate secondary sex characteristics, for example deepening of the voice, beard and body hair growth, and increased libido (Strauss 61). From recent research, it appears that anabolic steroids do help to increase muscle size and strength--under certain conditions. If the individual is experienced in strength training, regularly performing strenuous activity, and well nourished, the drugs seem to have the desired effect of "building-up" at a quicker rate.
The use of anabolic steroids has several other metabolic effects upon humans. In the short term, muscle mass is increased, but only in conjunction with extensive training. Steroid use has also been found to increase red blood cell production; clinically this seems to help many anemic patients, but also has endurance increasing effects upon athletes (Lamb 167). Other studies show that steroids can contribute to greater strength and endurance in muscles by changing the androgenic hormonal balance within the tissues. This often increases the short-term bursts of muscle energy used by certain athletes. Once again, however, this benefit is realized only when the subject is regularly training the affected muscle groups (168).
In effect, anabolic steroids may be seen primarily as "hormonal helpers." The drugs, although they have different micro-metabolic functions, share their basic forms--something like cholesterol. They all center on cellular function, but seem to need significant regular ingestion and the continued training of muscles to be effectiv...