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INVOLVEMENT OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN THE CIVIL WAR

the importunate whites will not let them remain ten years in peace." By 1860, only 30,000 Indians were left in the North east of the Mississippi, mostly in Michigan, New York and Wisconsin.

The first great surge of settlers into the Northwest Territories had been facilitated by the internal improvements, canals, roads and steamboats partially subsidized by the federal government, and after the 1840s by the building of the railroads. Another great surge followed the gold rush of 1849 in California where disease, starvation and white massacres had reduced the Indian population from about 100,000 in 1848 to 35,000 in 1860.

In the South, the Indian Relocation Act of 1830 which authorized the exchange of unorganized public land in present day Oklahoma, then known as the Indian Territory, for Indian lands in the South, resulted in the wholesale relocation of 84,000 Indians of the Five Civilized Nations, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Creeks, Choctaws and Seminoles over the 'Trail of Tears,' over which 20-25 percent of the Cherokee Nation perished en route. Many other Indian tribes had also transmigrated, such as the Delaware, who were split between farmlands in eastern Kansas, from which they were progressively expelled in the 1850s and 1860s and the Leased District of the Wichita Indian District near Anonarco, Oklahoma through what Abel called "the insatiable land hunger of politicians, speculators and would-be captains of industry" as well as the marauders who plagued the area during the time of the sectional conflict of 'Bloody Kansas' during the 1850s. Many of these tribes, such as the fairly pacific and accommodationist Delaware, were caught in the crossfire between the plains settlers and the more hostile Plains Indians such as the Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche and others. The first reservations had been established in 1853, but, according to Hauptman, "the natives were never adequately protected by Washington from marauding whites...

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INVOLVEMENT OF AMERICAN INDIANS IN THE CIVIL WAR. (1969, December 31). In LotsofEssays.com. Retrieved 11:03, March 28, 2024, from https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1708279.html