his approach holds specifically that "it is God who creates morality by virtue of commanding or desiring that His creatures follow His will, so that without God there would be no right or wrong" (Arthur 66). The essence of this position, and its central problem, is that the simple fact that God wills an action, or commands an action not be undertaken, makes that action by definition moral or immoral. How does one determine God's will? How does one determine whether an action taken is or is not aligned with God's will? The will of God is a mysterious force in many cases, at the very least. Certainly the will of God, which is the force at the heart of theological voluntarism, is meant to be irrational. That is, the will of God is not aligned with reason as humans understand it. Otherwise, ethics for a religionist would be based on reason, which voluntarism was specifically designed to counter. The theological voluntarist argues that God cannot be limited by reason, but is rather free to impose his will without fitting into
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