Expulsion of the Jews
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The sixteenth century brought change to most of the western world. The general upheaval being felt throughout Europe affected the lives of the Jews, as well as the Christians. The Middle Ages had ended and the Renaissance begun. Jewish communities from all over Europe were being expelled. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire was in need of settlers and the nobility of Eastern Europe, soon to become part of Russia, was in need of services that the Jews could provide. National boundaries were not yet set between countries. The different groups of Jews found conditions at each region or locality dependent on the current ruling nobility. This paper will look in a general way at the conditions found by Jews living in the Ottoman Empire, in the sixteenth century, the area of the city of Safed, and the conditions that were found along the border of the Ukraine, in what was soon to be Russia. It is impossible to discuss the state of the Jews, in the sixteenth century, without acknowledging the effect of wider events upon the group. The Reformation saw the expulsion of large numbers of Jews from European cities and towns. Martin Luther, after trying to convert the Jews to Christianity called for their expulsion and for Christians to remain separate from them (Israel, 1985, p. 11). These expulsions of Jews from their homes meant that there was a large population which enterprising nobles could entice to relocate to their lands. The nobility of Poland, Lithuania, and the Ukr
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; Maghariba Jews, 38 households and 7 bachelors; Aragon with Catalan, 51 households and 3 bachelors; Hungarian Jews 12 households; Jews from Apulia, 21 households and 1 bachelor; from Calabria, 24 households; Jews from Seville, 67 households and 4 bachelors; Italian Jews 29 households; and from Germany 20 households and 1 bachelor. The number of households making up the Jewish quarter had grown significantly in the intervening 25 years, as well as, the countries represented had increased. The total number of Jewish households, excluding the bachelors, was 719; this was more than a 300 percent increase. By 1575-6, the number of Jewish households had again increased to 910 households plus bachelors (Cohen and Lewis, 1978, pp. 154-160). The Jewish community in the city of Safed at the end of the sixteenth century was in decline. The reasons for this were the fear of expulsion to Cyprus, oppression by the governors, a worsening of the security of the city and fear of fanatical Muslims along with plagues and drought.
During the first part of the century Safed was one of the high points of Jewish culture and commerce. In the Holy Land Safed dominated the Jewish cultural experience. Safed and Eretzisrael were where Cabbala and J
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Approximate Word count = 1734
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page)
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