he Calvinist split from Catholicism. Calvin believed in predestination---those who were saved were saved, and those who were not were damned. But there was no way for any individual to know if he were saved. The accumulation of wealth was seen as a sign that the individual was good, in an ethical and religious sense, that he was, in other words, saved. The institutions of such a society, then, from the economic to the religious, became shaped and defined according to the convergence of Protestant and capitalistic needs and motivations. There also developed a bureaucracy, or bureaucracies, to control and order those institutions. All of these social forces and institutions--economic, religious and bureaucratic--restricted the freedom of the individual in ways which mirrored to some degree the psychological restrictions Freud saw in the inner life of the individual.
Freud sees man as being in the social element as
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