nal behavior and attitudes which nourish and sustain socially deviant acts.
In relatively few cases, one can readily ascribe criminal motives to the top management of the organization. For example, the Holocaust was deliberately designed to eradicate the Jews, who were considered enemies of the state, by Adolf Hitler and a small group of close cronies, Heinrich Himmler, Hermann Goering, etc. However, its implementation required the assistance of thousands. To weaken the possible scruples of the many, various techniques were used including reliance on the doctrine of superior orders which was designed to relieve participants of a feeling of responsibility for their actions, secrecy, compartmentalization of information, and emphasis that higher aims of state were involved, thus enabling the participant to believe that he was not acting out of personal vindictiveness. Hilberg (1996) says "duty was an assigned path; it was his fate" (p. 174).
In other cases, top management does not originally intend to cause harm, but acquires suf
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