also rose, from 1.847 million to 1.894 million, for an increase of 50,000. Over the same period, the white population declined in the area, from 3.163 million to 2.780 million, or a decrease of 385,000. While the number of blacks in New York City also increased during this period, their total rose by less than 50,000, from 1.847 million to 1.894 million. During the same period whites declined by nearly 385,000 from 3.163 million to 2.780 million (Moss, Townsend, & Tobier, 1997). Why that is relevant to the present research is obvious inasmuch as the trends in population demonstrate that minorities in general and Hispanics and blacks in particular have become more visible, irrespective of law-enforcement behavior, in New York City. Controversy arises in part for the reason that the demographics of law-enforcement agencies to not necessarily mirror those of the general population. That is the big picture of the law-enforcement landscape in New York, and it is impossible to ignore in any serious analysis of racial profiling as an attribute of perceptions of p
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