nistering a structured telephone questionnaire addressing the following questions: reasons for retiring, reasons for returning to work, reasons for working before retirement, and existence of any pre-retirement financial planning. Demographic information was also elicited on the questionnaire.
Statistical analysis revealed the following findings:
(1) Women who retired involuntarily (59 of the 99) had no pre-retirement planning, and 89 percent were forced to return to work for economic reasons;
(2) With or without pre-retirement planning, women returned to work for economic reasons---an indication that whatever pre-retirement planning had occurred was probably inadequate;
(3) No relationship was found between race and retirement.
(4) All participants received Social Security, with 62 percent receiving pensions and 37 percent belonging to unions.
Based on these findings, Perkins (1993) concluded that: These results suggest that pre-retirement planning and flexible retirement policies are significant social
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