ing wills are not a new concept. Nevertheless, health care providers, physicians and hospitals specifically, more often than not have thwarted patient wishes on the pretexts that living wills fail to provide clear and convincing evidence of a patient's desires. Keyser (1992, pp. 37 49) has advanced a ludicrous proposal to require patients to complete a so called value history form to provide clear and convincing evidence of patient's wishes regarding advance directives such as living wills. This proposal is ludicrous because, after an individual has thoughtfully constructed a living will at a time of emotional stability and undue physical pressures, the suggestion is now made that the same individual be required to take a test or complete a survey form while on her or his death bed. Keyser's (1992, pp. 37 49) suggestion smacks of one more effort to put a roadblock in the path of patient autonomy. There appears to be no end to the efforts that wi
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