re-established the Constitution and began the modernization (or westernization) of Turkey, but it also retained the Ottoman Empire. Kemal, however, considered the Empire obsolete and even harmful to the interests of Turkey. His vocal criticisms caused the government to send him away to Tripoli, where the Italians were seeking to take parts of North Africa from the Ottoman Empire.
During his "exile," Kemal tried to ignore politics and concentrate on military matters, but his attention wandered back as the government's policies led to open fighting in the Balkans. Unable to return from North Africa before the First Balkan War was over, he found that his mother and sister had been driven out of Salonika as refugees, for Macedonia had broken away from the Empire. As a result of the wars the C.U.P. created a triumvirate dictatorship, in which Enver was its most powerful member. Kemal was again "exiled" from Constantinople to a ministerial position in Sofia.
As a result of this posting, Kemal had no influence upon the decisions which led Turkey into
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