h sides. The strategy taken by the military leadership of Iraq was based on the centralized control of Saddam Hussein's political regime in Baghdad. Although Saddam exercised strong control throughout all branches of the military, that control lacked flexibility and resulted in a reduction of motivation and loyalty among the Iraqi troops. By contrast, the United States and coalition forces maintained a strongly unified leadership throughout the course of the Persian Gulf War. In the coalition's air forces, for example, all fighting units were under the direct supervision of wing commanders who were, in turn, under the supervision of division commanders. The division commanders reported directly to Lt. Gen. Charles A. Horner, the commander of USCENTAF (U.S. Central Command Air Force) (Horner, 1991, p. 20). Horner's coordination efforts were a vital factor in ensuring that all enemy targets were hit; in addition, those efforts helped ensure that the allied air forces of different nations did not accidentally make strikes
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