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monarchy along the lines of Meiji Japan" (Shirokauer 298). Under the leadership of Kang Yu-wei, efforts were made during the '"Hundred Days of Reform' to restructure the bureaucracy. These efforts provoked traditional opposition to reform centering around the Empress Dowager and forced Kang and his followers to flee the country, where they and others, including the young revolutionary plotted against the regime.

China's defeat by Japan led the imperialist powers to extract further territorial and economic conc

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