George Berkeley

The human mental experience of perceiving is therefore the primary reality. Perception of material reality is inseparable from and fused with human imagination. The sense perception of the idea or the thing may be as far as the human mind can go, but that in Berkeley's view does not prove that the mind exists or that the objects of mental perception or indeed their attributes exist independently of it. Indeed, through Hylas Berkeley takes the view that the proof cannot be made, even when such obvious attributes as fire, pain, and heat, or wormwood and bitter taste are so enmeshed: "those qualities, as perceived by us, are pleasures or pains; but not as existing in the external objects" (Berkeley 264). Nonsentient objects or beings cannot claim their own attributes. Rather, it is human perception that assigns such attributes. Berkeley eventually includes material extension, shape, and motion, which are inconceivable when abstracted from sense perc

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. Kant Kant's metaphysical epistemology, which of course relies on the logic of his argument, makes a case for intuition as a valid category and determinant of human knowledge and intends specifically to answer Hume. Kant also makes a case for an ethical cosmos to the extent what is known is a consequence of how human reason interprets what is significant about the world. The human being, says he, can trust his intuitions, can in effect trust the moral weight of the reactions generated when sense experience and sense memory singly or in combination wash over one. That is a method different from trying to understand particular kinds of sense experience and forming coherent perceptions of the universal connections and conjunctions from them. Instead, Kant's method is to use reason to observe and interpret what experience reveals. Just because (some) knowledge derives from experience does not mean that all of it does (Kant 87). Here Kant is attempting to account for new scientific and mathematical ideas that were emerging, presumably from the special intelligence of the thinkers involved. The special intelligences have a way of giving an account of the found universe that shows the power of mind in reaching meaning. The found unive
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Approximate Word count = 4855
Approximate Pages = 19 (250 words per page)

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