ore studies and data on the specific conditions in each developing country. This is a very uncertain area, as Helleiner makes clear. He writes that coming up with such data "requires large numbers of fairly arbitrary assumptions," but "such assumptions . . . abound already" (48). Development is clearly not an exact science, and there will be many failures along with successes. The point is that the traditional approaches based mainly on free market ideas have not worked. They should not be given up completely, because they can be useful in certain situations if they are used wisely, but they should be used along with other alternatives.
An important point is simply that the planners in developed nations must learn that all the people and countries of the world are not the same as their people and countries:
"Our twentieth-century market-oriented materialist culture is obviously not the only conceivable way in which human beings may organize themselves or pursue their own welfare. Some social scientists---evidently not usually economists---have repeatedly ca
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