South Africa's Economic & Social Problems

South Africa is currently experiencing a number of economic and social problems. Many of these problems are due to the policy of apartheid which dominated South African politics during the past four decades. This policy, which called for racial segregation, resulted in international disapproval and economic sanctions during the 1980's. Today, however, South Africa is facing the hope of a better future because of important changes which are taking place in the political environment. In 1990, President F. W. De Klerk paved the way toward increased democracy in his country when he freed Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), from prison. In December 1991, De Klerk's National Party began a series of negotiations with the ANC and other parties. The purpose of these negotiations, known as the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), was to lead the nation toward free elections and multiracial representation in government. In June 1993, the CODESA talks resulted in a date being set for South Africa's first free elections: 27 April 1994. This decision has been called an "historic agreement" because it represents an "irreversible step forward" to allowing all South African citizens the right to vote for their own government (MacLeod, 14 June 1993, p. 34).

The conflicts which exist in South Africa today have their roots in the earliest periods of the nation's history. In the seventeenth century, Afrikaners of Dutch descent began to establi

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e" (Mallaby, 1992, p. 44). Foreign investors were encouraged to pull out of South Africa, and official sanctions were leveled against certain products being exported to the country. However, the South African government did not respond to these sanctions as hoped for. In fact, it inflamed the situation by increasing efforts to maintain control over the nation's people. In 1986, the government declared a "state of emergency" in which the "primary objective was to reestablish control over the republic, especially over the African townships" (Thompson, 1990, p. 235). However, this declaration also gave the police unprecedented powers which often resulted in the further violation of human rights. In effect, the South African government's "state of emergency" created a police state within the already troubled nation. During the early 1990's, the situation in South Africa finally began to improve, and steps began to be taken toward democratic representation for all of the nation's people. This development began with the September 1989 election of F. W. De Klerk to the Presidency. Although he is a member of the National Party, De Klerk came to the Presidency with the realization that his party's policy of apartheid was a failu

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