Lack of Women in Upper-Level Management

In recent decades, American women have made widespread gains in the workplace. The civil rights movement of the 1960's increased opportunities for women throughout the job market, including those in managerial positions. As a result of the civil rights movement, the U. S. Supreme Court passed a series of legislations which were designed to provide "affirmative action" in terms of overcoming racial and sexual discrimination in employment. These legislations, which included Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act, "outlawed discrimination against women as well as minorities and ethnic and religious groups in recruiting, hiring and training."1 Because of these laws, and the women's movement in general, a variety of new management opportunities have opened up for women in the last two decades. However, despite the changes brought about by the civil rights movement, discrimination against

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mothers and fathers, little girls and boys learn the traditional codes of behavior which pertain to their respective sexes. In this way, the traditional sexual divisions have been perpetuated until modern times. One of the first sexual differences which little boys and girls learn about is that of their genitals. Some sociologists have argued that the discovery of the penis in boys is the root of their competitive behavior during adult life. At about the same time in development, girls discover that they do not have a penis. Therefore, it is argued that "men are defined by what they have, the penis, and women by what they lack, the absence of a penis."32 As a result of this situation, men were able to claim a mysterious power over women, who are apparently lacking in the biological sense. In this way, it can be said that "men's entitlement confers on them not only public power but personal power, not only first-class citizenship in public life but a special place in sexual politics."33 Furthermore, because the male genitals are located on the outside of the body, the boy learns at an early age that there is a need to be protective of that part of the anatomy. Through this process, the boy learns to accept the need to take
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Approximate Word count = 7718
Approximate Pages = 31 (250 words per page)

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