formed barriers to their efforts to attain higher management positions. The results of the survey showed that 40 percent of the women listed "low self-esteem and/or fear of risks" as a primary factor, 33 percent listed "not taken seriously in not traditionally female fields," 32 percent listed "balancing work and time spent with family," and 28 percent listed "lack of support from family/colleagues."8 There were various other barriers described by the women in this survey; however, the rest pertained to factors which were not as strongly sex-oriented, such as lack of experience or knowledge, or lack of credit or capital.9 From this, it can be seen that the basic obstructions to upper management for women can be broken down into those which are external and those which are internal. The external barriers relate to the attitudes of men in upper management, in which women are not taken seriously if they are not fulfilling traditional female roles. The internal barriers include low self-esteem, fear, commitment to family, and lack of interpersonal su
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