ool education showed statistically higher achievement in the total score.
The findings that studying music is associated with increased achievement in other academic areas has been observed in other research. For example, Morrison (1994) attempted to assess claims of music education proponents that student participation in music activities has a positive effect on everything from academic achievement to self-discipline.
Based on a comprehensive review of the literature on the general effects of music in the classroom, Morrison (1994) concluded that there were a number of academic achievement indices that did show higher achievement for students participating in music instruction. Specifically, he found that music participants were more often elected to class offices, more frequently received academic honors, and tend to achieve higher grades in not only language arts but a number of other academic areas than did non-music participating students.
The relationship of songs to language arts learning was examined by Fetzer (1
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