Scientific Inquiry
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Scientific inquiry does not take place in a vacuum. It takes place in a social and cultural setting which, even if it supports the idea of scientific inquiry, may not support results that challenge accepted cultural norms or beliefs, at least not right away. Numerous scientific discoveries have been challenged and even held back because of opposition from political, religious, cultural, and even professional groups which felt challenged by some new discovery or idea. History shows many such instances, from the challenge the Church brought against Galileo to the continuing debate over evolution. Three of the seminal figures in the sciences in the last century have been challenged by a number of groups and belief systems, and cultural factors have influenced how the ideas of these three men have been accepted. Darwin, Freud, and Einstein created systems that threatened the old order and pointed the way to a new order of thought, and each encountered opposition and disbelief in varying degrees from scientific, religious, and other groups. The degree of acceptance afforded the ideas of these men have been colored by factors such as religion and level of education among the general populace and by age for scientists wedded to earlier points of view. Darwin was a particular challenge to religious groups because his view of the evolution of species countered their view of God as Creator by fiat. Freud was a challenge to moralists and religious leaders who saw human beings
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the fact that he made observations largely of middle- and upper-class patients of the Victorian era. His view begins with the belief that the person is an energy system, a system in which energy flows, is sidetracked, or becomes dammed up. There is a limited amount of energy, and energy used in one way is not available for use in another. The goal of all energy is pleasure, or the reduction of tension or the release of energy. What drives this energy system are forces called drives, sexual and aggressive instincts. Aggression was seen by Freud as an important element in human behavior, based on his observations of such behavior. Aggression is instinctual and innate and thus is present in every human being. How that aggression is manifested will differ from person to person depending on the way different persons' utilize their energy, or rather the way their development decides they will make use of that energy. Freud said that the instinct of aggression was at the bottom of all relations of affection and love between human beings, except for that of the relationship between a mother and her male child. Freud published his theory of aggression in 1920, after the bloody conflict of World War I (Pervin 68-69). The elements
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Albert Einstein's, Sigmund Freud, Lawrence Pervin, Adam Sedgwick, , Freud Einstein, God Creator, War Pervin, France England, WW Norton, york ww, ww norton, york ww norton, human nature, external world, ww norton 1979, darwin philip, norton 1966, philip appleman, religious view, sense guilt, ww norton 1966, darwin philip appleman, philip appleman ed, sigmund freud,
Approximate Word count = 1583
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)
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