the nationalistic aspirations of the Kurds must compete with the Islamic concept of the Umma, especially articulated by the government of Iran, that all Muslims, irrespective of their ethnic or linguistic differences, are members of the community of the faithful. Iran's view is that all Muslims are therefore subject to rule by Iran, where the authority of the Umma is located. Entessar's analysis is that in Iran, as well as in Iraq and Turkey, there has been significant integration of the Kurds into the social and political mainstream but that the Kurdish ethnic consciousness has not disappeared. Entessar cites the v
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