e, within the Mafia family structure, most sources point out that the family is sacred. Women are treated in two ways (this will be explained in detail later in the paper): the wife and female children are held sacred and every attempt is made to keep them separate from any family business. For the Mafia man, his family is "outside" business, and even though it is clear just what that business is, it is rarely spoken about openly within the structure of the family. Secondly, outside the family women are treated as sexual objects. Indeed, the casual affair or mistress of the Mafia man is viewed with envy between colleagues, and the mistress is likely to be more involved in the business in the sense that it is she that is with the man at dinners, social events, and the like. Still, a certain chauvinism permeates the entire attitude of the Mafia since women are often excluded from meetings, or other business events (Arlacchi, 1986, passim; Ianni & Reuss-Ianni, 1972, passim).
The image of two distinct attitudes toward females is also present in the Latin criminal element. Perhaps taking their cue from the machoisms of more traditional European society, Latin men often have two separate lives regarding women. Like the Mafia system, the female members of the family form a more sacred tradition, although in a different way from the Italian attitude. Even though the family is a sacred element of Latin society, revenge and criminal related altercations sometimes include female family members. In fact, this is considered by many members of Latin criminal organizations to be a far greater punishment than simply an assassination. If one's family is killed in a particularly brutal fashion, it is said to send signals to other members of the organization. Nevertheless, Latin criminals have mistresses and casual sexual assignations that are considered part of the "manly" image within the subsection of Latin criminal society (Kent, 1981,...