mes a shared career" (Hertz 3).
The reality turned out to be rather different from this modern mythic "construction" (Hertz 5-6), as the persistence and enlargement of feminist social critique since the 1980s would suggest. Cooper and Davidson found in the early 1980s that women managers' stress could be traced in part to the fact that corporations "often pay lip service to female executives rather than helping them" solve management problems (Cooper and Davidson 46). As of 2003, a significant body of gender-bias research and litigation had accumulated; an Internet search conducted for this research yielded a count of 692 articles dating from 1983 having the term gender bias in the title. A 2002 study of sexism in the US judicial system concluded that men as a group fail to recognize gender bias because their experience is the standard against which others' experience is measured. Thus, "women are more conscious of gender inequality because they occupy a devalued gender status and, as a result, have more negative experiences" (Martin, Reynolds, and Keith 665) than their male counterparts.
Since the system was created by men, based on a concept of citizen as man, with laws written from the man's standpoint,
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