Art Deco Architecture Style

Any meaningful discussion of the link between Art Deco architecture and the development of the skyscraper must begin with a clarification of definition of the term Art Deco. Also called style moderne, Art Deco emerged out of a nonhistorical approach to architecture and the decorative arts. Modernism disdained the traditional use of Greek, Roman, and Renaissance models for monumental (typically, public-use) architecture for what was held to be a less frankly ornamental line. Gone were the leaves, cherubim, and shells of baroque and rococo design. In their place were sleek, streamlined, geometrical lines, as well as an emerging theory of architectural line as articulated by such practitioners as Wright and Sullivan. The term itself was derived in Paris, where in 1925 was held the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes. The expo was a showcase for decorative-arts items that had been familiar to elites (for whom

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own 19). A graduate of Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris just a decade after Viollet-le-Duc's manifesto, Sullivan was particularly hostile to what he referred to as "alterations and adaptations" to European architectural styles--French, English, Gothic, Classic, Renaissance, Italian, or Louis Quinze--in American settings. That did not prevent him from designing in the classical style for some 20 years after his graduation, not least a controversial pavilion for the Chicago Exposition of 1893 that incorporated Romanesque and Renaissance elements. It seems to have been only after 1900 that Sullivan adapted the message of functionalism to his work (Wills 18). Additionally, there is a view that Sullivan was more devoted to decoration than his modernist/functionalist declaration might imply; the Wainwright had Celtic ornamentation. Even so, Sullivan is said to have "established the definition of the commercial building" (Jacquet 90). In any case, the modernist design, according to Wiseman, was to overwhelm the decoration that Sullivan viewed as a necessary aspect of the steel-frame concept that he and Adler applied to more than 100 buildings, many of them skyscrapers. Sullivan, too, was overwhelmed, as it turned out. After 1895 he and Adle
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Approximate Word count = 2878
Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page)