all aspects of management science, including an expertise in the use and application of mathematical models;
4. all aspects of decision making methodologies, with an emphasis on decisions related to project control, selection, and evaluation;
5. all aspects of technological planning and forecast ing;
6. the relationship between an organization's engineering function and the external environment; and
7. the relationship between an organization's engineering function and the organization's legal environment;
The scope of contemporary engineering management, thus, is as deep as it is broad. No longer can the engineer be content to deal only with technical problems, while leaving other types of organizational problems to be solved by managers who may 3have little understanding of engineering. Similarly, the con temporary industrial and manufacturing organization is an inte grated entity which can no longer afford to entrust its deci sion making to professional managers. Rather, such organiza tions require leadership from individuals possessing both tech nological and managerial competencies.
Management science is a "broad field employing information systems and the techniques of operations research and decision theory to arrive at . . . decisions scientifically" (Nemmers, 1986, 336). Decision theory is concerned with making a choice between two or more alternative courses of action, and involves the decision, the decision making process, and the decision maker.
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