an be indicated. The program should include cognitive and behavioral information and the practice of carryover skills.
The cognitive approach is described by Ellis (1971) and Glasser (1975), and more recent techniques have been based on their work through the efforts of Kreigel & Kreigel (1984), McKay, Davis, & Fanning (1981), and others. Cognitive therapies ask the individual to become aware of thoughts, feelings, and actions in various settings; evaluate whether they are irrational or rational; and then execute future behavior based on a view of reality. Cognitive therapy can approach such things as the management of anger, an emotion that has been know to contribute to health impairment both physical and mental. Cognitive approaches may be aimed at interpersonal communication, sports performance, or other forms of stress alleviation, but they tend to have common elements:
1. Recognizing thoughts, feelings, and reactions to stressful situations;
2. Identifying what the reaction was based on;
3.Rehearsing future situations based on rational beliefs and information rather than on irrational fears; and
4. Performing cognitively correct behaviors.
Behavioral approaches should always be included in all drug intervention programs. They may take the form of behavior modification or may derive from other psychotherapy theory such as Neurolinguistic Programming or transpersonal psychology. Several basic elements are usually included:
2.Journaling, diary-keeping, or self-monitoring;
3.Affirming positive resource states;
Each of these elements is aimed at behavior change toward greater self-efficacy.
Assertiveness training helps develop the ability to express honest feelings with ease, and to take advantage of personal rights without denying the rights of others. This is based on good self-concept and self-confidence, as elucidated by Chenevert (1983) and Shainess (1984). Successful assertiveness training pr...